EEG Biomarkers for OUD: Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Predictive Applications

Inclusion Criteria:

* For OUD Subjects:

  1. Providing informed consent to participate in the study.
  2. 22 to 85 years old.

Having a diagnosis of OUD

• OUD of more than 6 months duration as defined by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) \[71\] with a positive urine toxicology screen who still feel craving.

4\. Lives in immediate area with no plans to relocate.

For age-matched controls:

1. Providing informed consent to participate in the study.
2. 22 to 85 years old.
3. Lives in immediate area with no plans to relocate

Exclusion Criteria:

* For OUD Subjects:

  1. Recently started on antiepileptic drug therapy.
  2. Ingestion of poppy seeds or herbal teas containing Papaveris fructus (may cause a positive opiate test for morphine, codeine \[72,73\]).
  3. History of neurological disorders involving stroke, brain tumors, or epilepsy as self- reported.
  4. History of unexplained fainting spells as self-reported.
  5. History of head injury resulting in more than a momentary loss of consciousness as self-reported.
  6. History of brain surgery as self-reported.
  7. Suffering from severe depression.
  8. Active malignancy.

For age-matched controls:

1. Recently started on antiepileptic drug therapy.
2. History of neurological disorders involving stroke, brain tumors, or epilepsy as self- reported.
3. History of unexplained fainting spells as self-reported.
4. History of head injury resulting in more than a momentary loss of consciousness as self-reported.
5. History of brain surgery as self-reported.
6. Suffering from severe depression.
7. Active malignancy.